Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Cancer

Overview and Facts about Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Cancer

Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers involve the larynx and the hypopharynx.

The larynx, which is also called the voice box, and the hypopharynx, which lies in the intersection of the larynx and the esophagus, are both in the lower region of the throat.

Almost all cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx are squamous cell carcinomas, but they begin as a pre-cancer known as dysplasia.

Signs and Symptoms of Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Cancer

People suffering from laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers may notice a combination of signs and symptoms, including:

• Hoarseness that lasts for more than two weeks
• An enlarged lymph node in the neck
• Difficulty breathing and persistent ear pain
• Chronic halitosis
• Choking and persistent difficulty swallowing
• Unexplained weight loss and fatigue

Causes and Risk Factors of Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Cancer

Causes and risk factors for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer include the following:

• Tobacco use
• Poor nutrition
• Genetic syndromes, such as Fanconi anemia
• Exposure to toxins in the workplace
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Tests and Diagnosis of Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Cancer

An otolaryngology specialist is a physician who specializes in the treatment of patients who have medical issues with their ears, nose and throat (ENT). The otolaryngologist may order one or more of the following tests:

• Laryngoscopy: the doctor uses a camera or mirrors to examine the larynx and nearby areas.
   
• Panendoscopy: this test allows the doctor to examine the whole area around the larynx, hypopharynx, esophagus and trachea.
   
• Biopsies: the doctor will remove a sample of tissue that can be examined in a lab for cancer cells.
   
• Imaging tests: the doctor may order x-rays, an MRI, PET/CT or a CT scan to help diagnose laryngeal or hypopharyngeal cancers.
   
• Barium swallow: this test is performed on people who are having difficulty swallowing. You will drink a thick barium solution, then undergo a series of X-rays of the esophagus and throat to highlight any problems there.
   
• Chest X-ray: the doctor may order a chest X-ray to see if the cancer has spread to your lungs.

Treatment and Care of Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Cancer

Typically, treatment for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer is based on how much the tumor has developed.

Treatment can include surgery, radiation with or without chemotherapy or a combination of these.