Overview and Facts about Parathyroid Nodules and Tumors
Parathyroid nodules and tumors are growths that develop on the parathyroid glands, which are four pea-sized glands located around the thyroid at the base of the throat. These glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) which controls your blood calcium levels.
Sometimes, small nodules or tumors can develop in this area. These growths are usually benign, or noncancerous, but they can still have a significant impact on your health.
A parathyroid nodule or tumor can cause hypercalcemia, or high levels of calcium in your blood. Parathyroid problems may also cause hypoparathyroidism or low levels of calcium in your blood.
Symptoms and Signs of Parathyroid Nodules and Tumors
Symptoms of hypercalcemia can include:
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Frequent bone fractures
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Kidney stones or abdominal pain
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Excessive urination and excessive thirst
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Fatigue and depression
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Nausea and vomiting
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Palpitations or fainting
Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism can include:
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Brittle nails, dry skin and hair loss
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Muscle cramps and muscle spasms
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A burning sensation in the fingers and toes
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Fatigue, depression, and anxiety
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Painful menstruation
Some parathyroid nodules and tumors may not cause any symptoms. Asymptomatic nodules or tumors are sometimes diagnosed during tests or treatment for an unrelated condition.
Tests and Diagnosis of Parathyroid Nodules and Tumors
Parathyroid nodules and tumors affect your PTH levels. If your doctor suspects a problem with your parathyroid glands, a blood test can help check your PTH levels. Your doctor may also run additional blood tests to check the levels of calcium and phosphorus in your blood.
Hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism can affect many parts of your body. If you're diagnosed with a parathyroid condition, your doctor may recommend a series of imaging tests to check your kidneys and bones. X-rays, CT scans and ultrasounds can reveal problems in these areas.
Causes and Risk Factors of Parathyroid Nodules and Tumors
The cause of parathyroid nodules and tumors is currently unknown, but women are more likely than men to develop these thyroid conditions. People over 60 are also at a higher risk.
There is some evidence that specific cases may be genetic. If you have a family member with parathyroid issues, you may be more likely to develop the same condition.
Radiation exposure can also trigger parathyroid tumors. If you're undergoing radiation treatments or you've been exposed to radiation at work, talk to your doctor about these health risks.
Treatment and Care for Parathyroid Nodules and Tumors
If you're diagnosed with a parathyroid nodule or tumor, your doctor may refer you to a specialist for further treatment. An endocrinologist or otolaryngology specialist (ENT) can help you develop a parathyroid treatment plan.
If your nodules or tumors aren't causing any symptoms, your doctor may choose to delay treatment or prescribe medication, which can improve your bone health and stabilize your blood calcium levels. However, if the nodule or tumor is affecting your health, your doctor may recommend surgery.
Most people develop nodules or tumors in only one parathyroid gland, and only 10% of people with parathyroid issues have problems with several glands, so your surgeon will usually remove only one gland.
